diff --git a/.coveragerc b/.coveragerc
index 2258101db..629809fe6 100644
--- a/.coveragerc
+++ b/.coveragerc
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ exclude_lines =
     raise NotImplemented.
     return NotImplemented
     def __repr__
+    if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    ^\s*\.\.\.$
 
 [run]
 include = moto/*
diff --git a/moto/__init__.py b/moto/__init__.py
index 0cdaf4e60..32b721550 100644
--- a/moto/__init__.py
+++ b/moto/__init__.py
@@ -1,11 +1,19 @@
 import importlib
 import sys
 from contextlib import ContextDecorator
-from typing import Any, Callable, List, Optional, TypeVar
 
-from moto.core.models import BaseMockAWS
+from moto.core.models import BaseMockAWS, base_decorator, BaseDecorator
+from typing import Any, Callable, List, Optional, TypeVar, Union, overload
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-TEST_METHOD = TypeVar("TEST_METHOD", bound=Callable[..., Any])
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from moto.xray import XRaySegment as xray_segment_type
+    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
+
+    P = ParamSpec("P")
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
 
 
 def lazy_load(
@@ -13,10 +21,21 @@ def lazy_load(
     element: str,
     boto3_name: Optional[str] = None,
     backend: Optional[str] = None,
-) -> Callable[..., BaseMockAWS]:
-    def f(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Any:
+) -> BaseDecorator:
+    @overload
+    def f(func: None = None) -> BaseMockAWS:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def f(func: "Callable[P, T]") -> "Callable[P, T]":
+        ...
+
+    def f(
+        func: "Optional[Callable[P, T]]" = None,
+    ) -> "Union[BaseMockAWS, Callable[P, T]]":
         module = importlib.import_module(module_name, "moto")
-        return getattr(module, element)(*args, **kwargs)
+        decorator: base_decorator = getattr(module, element)
+        return decorator(func)
 
     setattr(f, "name", module_name.replace(".", ""))
     setattr(f, "element", element)
@@ -25,6 +44,18 @@ def lazy_load(
     return f
 
 
+def load_xray_segment() -> Callable[[], "xray_segment_type"]:
+    def f() -> "xray_segment_type":
+        # We can't use `lazy_load` here
+        # XRaySegment will always be run as a context manager
+        # I.e.: no function is passed directly: `with XRaySegment()`
+        from moto.xray import XRaySegment as xray_segment
+
+        return xray_segment()
+
+    return f
+
+
 mock_acm = lazy_load(".acm", "mock_acm")
 mock_acmpca = lazy_load(".acmpca", "mock_acmpca", boto3_name="acm-pca")
 mock_amp = lazy_load(".amp", "mock_amp")
@@ -190,7 +221,7 @@ mock_timestreamwrite = lazy_load(
     ".timestreamwrite", "mock_timestreamwrite", boto3_name="timestream-write"
 )
 mock_transcribe = lazy_load(".transcribe", "mock_transcribe")
-XRaySegment = lazy_load(".xray", "XRaySegment")
+XRaySegment = load_xray_segment()
 mock_xray = lazy_load(".xray", "mock_xray")
 mock_xray_client = lazy_load(".xray", "mock_xray_client")
 mock_wafv2 = lazy_load(".wafv2", "mock_wafv2")
diff --git a/moto/core/models.py b/moto/core/models.py
index 9957c6f35..5cae8286b 100644
--- a/moto/core/models.py
+++ b/moto/core/models.py
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ import os
 import re
 import unittest
 from types import FunctionType
-from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Set, TypeVar, Union
-from typing import ContextManager
+from typing import Any, Callable, Dict, Optional, Set, TypeVar, Union, overload
+from typing import ContextManager, TYPE_CHECKING
 from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import boto3
@@ -26,8 +26,16 @@ from .custom_responses_mock import (
 )
 from .model_instances import reset_model_data
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import ParamSpec, Protocol
+
+    P = ParamSpec("P")
+else:
+    Protocol = object
+
+
 DEFAULT_ACCOUNT_ID = "123456789012"
-CALLABLE_RETURN = TypeVar("CALLABLE_RETURN")
+T = TypeVar("T")
 
 
 class BaseMockAWS(ContextManager["BaseMockAWS"]):
@@ -67,10 +75,10 @@ class BaseMockAWS(ContextManager["BaseMockAWS"]):
 
     def __call__(
         self,
-        func: Callable[..., "BaseMockAWS"],
+        func: "Callable[P, T]",
         reset: bool = True,
         remove_data: bool = True,
-    ) -> Callable[..., "BaseMockAWS"]:
+    ) -> "Callable[P, T]":
         if inspect.isclass(func):
             return self.decorate_class(func)  # type: ignore
         return self.decorate_callable(func, reset, remove_data)
@@ -120,9 +128,12 @@ class BaseMockAWS(ContextManager["BaseMockAWS"]):
             self.disable_patching()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 
     def decorate_callable(
-        self, func: Callable[..., "BaseMockAWS"], reset: bool, remove_data: bool
-    ) -> Callable[..., "BaseMockAWS"]:
-        def wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> "BaseMockAWS":
+        self,
+        func: "Callable[P, T]",
+        reset: bool,
+        remove_data: bool,
+    ) -> "Callable[P, T]":
+        def wrapper(*args: "P.args", **kwargs: "P.kwargs") -> T:
             self.start(reset=reset)
             try:
                 result = func(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -433,7 +444,7 @@ class ServerModeMockAWS(BaseMockAWS):
     def _get_region(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Optional[str]:
         if "region_name" in kwargs:
             return kwargs["region_name"]
-        if type(args) == tuple and len(args) == 2:
+        if type(args) is tuple and len(args) == 2:
             _, region = args
             return region
         return None
@@ -513,13 +524,21 @@ class base_decorator:
     def __init__(self, backends: BackendDict):
         self.backends = backends
 
+    @overload
+    def __call__(self, func: None = None) -> BaseMockAWS:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(self, func: "Callable[P, T]") -> "Callable[P, T]":
+        ...
+
     def __call__(
-        self, func: Optional[Callable[..., Any]] = None
-    ) -> Union[BaseMockAWS, Callable[..., BaseMockAWS]]:
+        self, func: "Optional[Callable[P, T]]" = None
+    ) -> "Union[BaseMockAWS, Callable[P, T]]":
         if settings.test_proxy_mode():
             mocked_backend: BaseMockAWS = ProxyModeMockAWS(self.backends)
         elif settings.TEST_SERVER_MODE:
-            mocked_backend: BaseMockAWS = ServerModeMockAWS(self.backends)  # type: ignore
+            mocked_backend = ServerModeMockAWS(self.backends)
         else:
             mocked_backend = self.mock_backend(self.backends)
 
@@ -527,3 +546,18 @@ class base_decorator:
             return mocked_backend(func)
         else:
             return mocked_backend
+
+
+class BaseDecorator(Protocol):
+    """A protocol for base_decorator's signature.
+
+    This enables typing of callables with the same behavior as base_decorator.
+    """
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(self, func: None = None) -> BaseMockAWS:
+        ...
+
+    @overload
+    def __call__(self, func: "Callable[P, T]") -> "Callable[P, T]":
+        ...
diff --git a/moto/identitystore/models.py b/moto/identitystore/models.py
index f0f5443dd..d5d38d6e7 100644
--- a/moto/identitystore/models.py
+++ b/moto/identitystore/models.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Dict, Tuple, List, Any, NamedTuple, Optional
-from typing_extensions import Self
+from typing import Dict, Tuple, List, Any, NamedTuple, Optional, TYPE_CHECKING
 from moto.utilities.paginator import paginate
 
 from botocore.exceptions import ParamValidationError
@@ -13,6 +12,9 @@ from .exceptions import (
 )
 import warnings
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from typing_extensions import Self
+
 
 class Group(NamedTuple):
     GroupId: str
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ class Name(NamedTuple):
     HonorificSuffix: Optional[str]
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_dict(cls, name_dict: Dict[str, str]) -> Optional[Self]:
+    def from_dict(cls, name_dict: Dict[str, str]) -> "Optional[Self]":
         if not name_dict:
             return None
         return cls(
diff --git a/requirements-dev.txt b/requirements-dev.txt
index 437420f60..ec4768281 100644
--- a/requirements-dev.txt
+++ b/requirements-dev.txt
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@ inflection
 lxml
 mypy
 typing-extensions<=4.5.0; python_version < '3.8'
+typing-extensions; python_version >= '3.8'
 packaging
 build
 prompt_toolkit
+
+# typing_extensions is currently used for:
+# Protocol  (3.8+)
+# ParamSpec  (3.10+)
+# Self  (3.11+)
diff --git a/setup.cfg b/setup.cfg
index ae691bb29..7d837a4aa 100644
--- a/setup.cfg
+++ b/setup.cfg
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ disable = W,C,R,E
 enable = anomalous-backslash-in-string, arguments-renamed, dangerous-default-value, deprecated-module, function-redefined, import-self, redefined-builtin, redefined-outer-name, reimported, pointless-statement, super-with-arguments, unused-argument, unused-import, unused-variable, useless-else-on-loop, wildcard-import
 
 [mypy]
-files= moto, tests/test_core/test_mock_all.py, tests/test_core/test_decorator_calls.py, tests/test_core/test_responses_module.py
+files= moto, tests/test_core/test_mock_all.py, tests/test_core/test_decorator_calls.py, tests/test_core/test_responses_module.py, tests/test_core/test_mypy.py
 show_column_numbers=True
 show_error_codes = True
 disable_error_code=abstract
diff --git a/tests/test_core/test_decorator_calls.py b/tests/test_core/test_decorator_calls.py
index 0ec4eab0e..b04256d30 100644
--- a/tests/test_core/test_decorator_calls.py
+++ b/tests/test_core/test_decorator_calls.py
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ import unittest
 from botocore.exceptions import ClientError
 from typing import Any
 from moto import mock_ec2, mock_kinesis, mock_s3, settings
-from moto.core.models import BaseMockAWS
 from unittest import SkipTest
 
 """
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ def test_context_manager(aws_credentials: Any) -> None:  # type: ignore[misc]  #
 def test_decorator_start_and_stop() -> None:
     if settings.TEST_SERVER_MODE:
         raise SkipTest("Authentication always works in ServerMode")
-    mock: BaseMockAWS = mock_ec2()
+    mock = mock_ec2()
     mock.start()
     client = boto3.client("ec2", region_name="us-west-1")
     assert client.describe_addresses()["Addresses"] == []
diff --git a/tests/test_core/test_mypy.py b/tests/test_core/test_mypy.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..593e1a8da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_core/test_mypy.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+import boto3
+
+from moto import mock_s3
+from moto.core.models import BaseMockAWS
+
+
+@mock_s3
+def test_without_parentheses() -> int:
+    assert boto3.client("s3").list_buckets()["Buckets"] == []
+    return 123
+
+
+@mock_s3()
+def test_with_parentheses() -> int:
+    assert boto3.client("s3").list_buckets()["Buckets"] == []
+    return 456
+
+
+@mock_s3
+def test_no_return() -> None:
+    assert boto3.client("s3").list_buckets()["Buckets"] == []
+
+
+def test_with_context_manager() -> None:
+    with mock_s3():
+        assert boto3.client("s3").list_buckets()["Buckets"] == []
+
+
+def test_manual() -> None:
+    # this has the explicit type not because it's necessary but so that mypy will
+    # complain if it's wrong
+    m: BaseMockAWS = mock_s3()
+    m.start()
+    assert boto3.client("s3").list_buckets()["Buckets"] == []
+    m.stop()
+
+
+x: int = test_with_parentheses()
+assert x == 456
+
+y: int = test_without_parentheses()
+assert y == 123
diff --git a/tests/test_core/test_responses_module.py b/tests/test_core/test_responses_module.py
index c6f7992cf..fc22ee79a 100644
--- a/tests/test_core/test_responses_module.py
+++ b/tests/test_core/test_responses_module.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ class TestResponsesModule(TestCase):
 
     @mock_s3
     @responses.activate
-    def test_moto_first(self) -> None:
+    def test_moto_first(self) -> None:  # type: ignore
         """
         Verify we can activate a user-defined `responses` on top of our Moto mocks
         """