60 lines
4.5 KiB
Markdown
60 lines
4.5 KiB
Markdown
# Glossary
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Core vocabulary you'll hit in the first hour of Nix. Skim, don't memorize — come back as needed.
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## The store and builds
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- **Nix store** — `/nix/store`. Immutable, content-addressed directory where *everything* Nix builds lives. Each entry is prefixed by a hash of its inputs.
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- **Store path** — a single entry under `/nix/store`, e.g. `/nix/store/abc123…-hello-2.12.1`. The hash makes it unique per set of build inputs.
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- **Derivation (`.drv`)** — a *recipe* for a build: inputs, builder script, env vars, outputs. Produced by evaluating Nix code. Not the built artifact itself.
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- **Realisation / "realising a derivation"** — actually executing the `.drv` to produce the output store path(s). "Build" colloquially means this.
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- **Output path** — the store path a derivation produces. A derivation can have multiple outputs (e.g. `out`, `dev`, `man`, `lib`).
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- **Closure** — a store path plus all its runtime dependencies, transitively. What you need to copy to another machine to actually use something.
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- **Hash** — content/input hash that names store paths. Changing any input changes the hash, which changes the path — this is how Nix guarantees no cache collisions.
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- **Fixed-output derivation (FOD)** — a derivation whose output hash you declare up front (e.g. source tarballs, `fetchurl`). Allowed network access during build; everything else is sandboxed offline.
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## Language
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- **Nix (the language)** — lazy, purely functional, dynamically typed. Every `.nix` file is one expression.
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- **Attrset** — `{ a = 1; b = "x"; }`. The main data structure.
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- **Lambda** — `x: x + 1` or `{ a, b }: a + b`. Functions take one argument; multi-arg functions are attrset-destructured.
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- **`let ... in`** — local bindings: `let x = 1; in x + 1`.
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- **`with expr; body`** — brings `expr`'s attrs into scope for `body`. Common in `with pkgs; [ hello jq ]`. Useful but can shadow bindings — use sparingly.
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- **`inherit`** — shorthand to pull names from outer scope into an attrset: `{ inherit pkgs system; }` ≡ `{ pkgs = pkgs; system = system; }`.
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- **`import`** — evaluate another `.nix` file. `import ./foo.nix { }` imports and calls it.
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- **`callPackage`** — a nixpkgs convention that auto-supplies function arguments from a package set. You'll see it everywhere in nixpkgs.
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## Package management
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- **nixpkgs** — the big community-maintained collection of Nix expressions for ~100k packages. Lives at `github:NixOS/nixpkgs`.
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- **Channel** — a named, periodically-updated snapshot of nixpkgs (e.g. `nixos-unstable`, `nixos-25.11`). Pre-flakes way to pin. Flakes mostly replace this with lockfiles.
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- **Overlay** — a function that extends/overrides a package set. Lets you patch, pin, or add packages without forking nixpkgs.
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- **Profile** — a symlink tree representing "what's installed" for a user or system. `nix-env`, `nix profile`, NixOS, and home-manager all manage profiles.
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- **Generation** — a versioned snapshot of a profile. Every change creates a new generation; old ones stay until garbage-collected. This is how rollback works.
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- **Garbage collection (`nix-collect-garbage`)** — deletes store paths not reachable from any "GC root" (profiles, running processes, `result` symlinks).
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## Flakes
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- **Flake** — a directory with a `flake.nix`. Has pinned `inputs` and structured `outputs`. Reproducible, composable, schema-driven.
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- **`flake.lock`** — JSON file pinning the exact revision (and hash) of each input. Commit it.
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- **Flake reference** — URL-like string identifying a flake: `github:NixOS/nixpkgs`, `path:./foo`, `git+https://…`, `nixpkgs` (registry alias).
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- **Registry** — short-name → flake-ref mapping. `nixpkgs` resolves via the global registry by default.
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- **Pure evaluation** — flakes evaluate in a sandbox: no env vars, no arbitrary filesystem reads, only declared inputs. This is what makes them reproducible.
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## NixOS & home-manager
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- **NixOS module** — a function `{ config, lib, pkgs, ... }: { options = …; config = …; }`. The unit of NixOS configuration.
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- **home-manager** — user-level declarative config (dotfiles, per-user packages, services). Works standalone or as a NixOS module.
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## CLI: old vs. new
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| Old (pre-flakes) | New (flakes) |
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| `nix-build` | `nix build` |
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| `nix-shell` | `nix develop` |
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| `nix-env -iA` | `nix profile install` |
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| `nix-channel` | `flake.lock` + inputs |
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| `<nixpkgs>` (NIX_PATH) | `inputs.nixpkgs` |
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Both still work. Flakes are the direction of travel; old commands aren't going away soon.
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